COMMISSION D : ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS (Nov. '92 - Oct. '95)

Edited by Kunio Tada

D1. Solid State Microwave Sources

HEMT or HJFET-based MMICs have been developed around the 60-GHz band for short-range wireless communications and sensing systems, such as high-speed wireless LANs, RF-ID systems, automotive radar systems, and so on: Using AlGaAa/GaAs HJFET with a 0.15-mm T-shaped gate, a single stage MMIC power amplifier has achieved an output power of 37.2 mW with a 25.6 % power added efficiency [Funabashi et al., 1993]. A dielectrically stabilized monolithic voltage controlled oscillator with a buffer amplifier has achieved an output power of 6.9 dBm, -80 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz off-carrier, and -4.1 ppm/C. The VCO was fabricated AlGaAs/GaAs HJFET [Inoue et al., 1995]. Using 0.11-mm InGaP/InGaAs/GaAs HEMT technologies, fully integrated MMIC receiver has been fabricated which consists of low-noise amplifier, single balanced active mixer and local oscillator. It has a conversion gain of 20 dB and a noise figure of 6 dB [Saito et al., 1994]. A fully monolithic chip for an RF-ID system has been developed. It has a direct-detection receiver with a two-stage low noise amplifier and direct ASK modulatable transmitter [Ono, et al., 1995].

The HEMT and HEMT-based MMIC was implemented in subsystems up to W-band: In 91 GHz, a six-stage low-noise amplifier with three cascaded two-stage AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs P-HEMT-based MMICs has achieved a noise figure of 4.3 dB with a gain of 28.1 dB [Itoh et al., 1995]. A 94 GHz low-noise converter with MIC technology has been developed by combining an InP-HEMT low-noise amplifier, a P-HEMT mixer, and a dielectric resonator oscillator. It shows a noise figure of 4.9 dB and gain of 11 dB [Yoshinaga et al., 1993].

In order to realize low-cost microwave and millimeter-wave communications equipment, a novel MMIC and interconnection technology are being developed: An MMIC chip size can be reduced and the integration level increased using a multi-layer polyimide film on a GaAs wafer. The so-called three-dimensional MMIC was used in an 8 dB amplifier in the X band. The chip size of 0.65x0.6 mm is less than 1/3 of the conventional [Tokumitsu et al., 1995]. The millimeter-wave flip-chip IC (MFIC) has been operated up to 60 GHz. Flip-chip transistors are connected to microstrip lines on a Si substrate with micro bumps [Sakai et al., 1994].

(H. Takanashi)

References

Arai, S., H. Mizuno, H. Tanaka, H. Yoshinaga, K. Masuda, B. Abe, M. Kawano, H. Tokuda, and K. Shibata, A Q-band 1 watt 30 % power-added-efficiency hetero-junction FET, IEEE GaAs IC Symp., 296-299 (1995)

Funabashi, M., K. Hosoya, K. Ohata, K. Onda, N. Iwata, and M. Kuzuhara, High gain V-band heterojunction FET MMIC power amplifiers, IEEE GaAs IC Symp., 379-382 (1993)

Inoue, T., K. Ohata, M. Funabashi, K. Hosoya, K. Maruhashi, Y. Makino, and M. Kuzuhara, 60GHz dielectrically stabilized monolithic voltage controlled oscillator, EuMC, 281-284 (1995)

Itoh, Y., M. Nakayama, K. Nakahara, T. Takagi, T. Sakura, N. Yoshida, T. Katoh, T. Kashiwa, and Y. Ito, A W-band monolithic low noise AlGaAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic HEMT amplifier mounted on a small hermetically-sealed package with waveguide interface, IEEE MMWMC, 187-190 (1995)

Ono, K., T. Saito, N. Hidaka, Y. Ohashi, and Y. Aoki, A 60-GHz HEMT-based MMIC direct-detection receiver for application in non-contact ID card systems, EuMC, 996-1000 (1995)

Saito, T., N. Hidaka, Y. Ohashi, and Y. Aoki, 60-GHz HEMT-based MMIC receiver with on-chip LO, IEEE GaAs IC Symp., 88-91 (1994)

Saito, Y., T. Kuzuhara, T. Ohmori, K. Kai, H. Ishimura, and H. Tokuda, Ku-band 20 W power GaAs FETs, IEEE MTT-S, 343-346 (1995)

Sakaki, H., Y. Ota, K. Inoue, T. Yoshida, K. Takahashi, S. Fujita, and M. Sagawa, A novel millimeter-wave IC on Si substrate using flip-chip bonding technology, IEEE MTT-S, 1763-1766 (1994)

Shimura, T., M. Sakai, A. Inoue, S. Izumi, H. Matsuoka, J. Udomoto, K. Kosaki, T. Kuragaki, R. Hattori, H. Takano, T. Sonoda, S. Takamiya, and S. Mitsui, 1 W Ku-band AlGaAs/GaAs power HBTs with 72 % peak power-added efficiency, IEEE MTT-S, 687-690 (1994)

Tokumitsu, T., and M. Aikawa, Design and fabrication techniques in recent MMIC's, MWE'95, 191-194 (1995)

Udomoto, J., S. Chaki, M. Komaru, T. Kunii, Y. Kohon, S. Goto, K. Gotoh, A. Inoue, N. Tanino, T. Takagi, and O. Ishihara, An 11 W Ku-band heterostructure FET with WSi/Au T-shaped gate, IEEE MTT-S, 339-342 (1995)

Yamahata, S., K. Kurishima, H. Nakajima, T. Kobayashi, and Y. Matsuoka, Ultra-high f_max and f_t InP/GaAs double-heterojunction bipolar transistors with step-graded InGaAsP collector, IEEE GaAs IC Symp., 345-348 (1994)

Yoshinaga, H., K. Masuda, S. Takagi, B. Abe, K. Shibata, H, Kawasaki, H. Tokuda, and I. Tokaji, A 94 GHz-band low noise downconverter, IEEE MTT-S, 779-782 (1993)

D2. Gas and Solid-State Lasers

Small-signal gain, saturation intensity [Kakehata, et al., 1992], and small-signal absorption [Kakehata, et al., 1994] of a discharge pumped F2 laser (157.6 nm) were measured. The small-signal net gain has reached 37+-4 %/cm at an excitation rate of 26 MW/cm³, and it was showed that MOPA configuration was more favorable for F2 lasers in order to obtain better efficiency. The sum of a transient absorption was 2.5 %/cm and the stationary absorption was 0.5 %/cm. An injection-seeded unstable resonator was applied to a discharge-pumped F2 laser in order to improve beam quality [Kakehata, et al., 1993].

Adoption of the unstable resonator for an e-beam pumped argon excimer laser (126 nm) achieved successful operations of a high output energy of 28 mJ without any damage of the resonator mirrors [Katto, et al., 1995].

A numerical model has been developed to describe fundamental output characteristics of the Xe Auger laser (109 nm) pumped by soft X-rays from a laser-produced plasma [Kubodera, et al., 1995].

Stable generation of a narrow divergence X-ray laser beam in double-pass amplification with a curved-slab target has been demonstrated in Ne-like Ge lasers (J=0-1 line at 19.6 nm and J =2-1 at 23.6 nm) [Kodama, et al., 1994]. Significant improvement in the efficiency and brightness of the 19.6 nm line of the germanium laser by double-pulse pumping of a curved target [Daido, et al., 1995a]. Efficient soft X-ray lasing with multiple infrared pulse pumping of a curved target has been demonstrated in Ni-like elements covering the spectral range between 6 and 8 nm [Daido, et al., 1995b]. The first observation of the amplification of spontaneous emission on the Lyman-transition (13.5 nm) in H-like Li ions, using a novel optical-field-induced ionization (OFI) scheme. In their OFI scheme, singly ionized lithium ions, initially prepared by a nanosecond KrF excimer laser, are further ionized to a fully stripped state by a subpicosecond high-intensity KrF laser (10¹⁷ W/cm²), and a small signal gain coefficient of 20 cm^-1 was obtained [Nagata, et al., 1993, 1995], [Midorikawa, et al., 1995].

An average laser output power as high as 5 kW has been produced from a TEA CO₂ laser pumped with a new solid state exciter [Hatanaka, et al., 1993]. The maximum repetition rate of 1.1 kHz was achieved for the average laser power of 3.4 kW, and an overall efficiency was 10.5 %. Continuous frequency tunability in the 1.4 GHz has been demonstrated for the injection-locked TEA CO₂ laser using an acousto-optic frequency shifter inside the cavity [Suda, et al., 1994].

Wavelength region of solid-state lasers have extended by using nonlinear crystals and new laser materials. A laser system tunable from 198 nm to 450 nm was realized by sum-frequency mixing and harmonics generation of pulsed Ti:sapphire laser [Meguro et al., 1994]. UV light of 399 nm were generated with high efficiency of over 70 % by second harmonics of Ti:sapphire lasers [Watanabe et al., 1994]. A broadband amplification around 327 nm was demonstrated with Ce:LuLiF₄ crystal [Sarukura et al., 1995]. A gain of 15 %/cm at 2.05 mm was obtained with Tm, Ho co-doped alumino-zirco-fluoride glass [Doshida et al., 1995]. The high power of 24 W at 532 nm was achieved by second harmonics of Nd:YAG laser [Kojima et al., 1994].

A continuous wave(cw), 266 nm ultraviolet source of all solid-state was developed for semiconductor process application [Oka et al., 1995]. A cw 26.5 W, TEM00-mode LD-array-pumped Nd:YAG Laser was demonstrated with novel side pumping configuration of the virtual-point-source [Uehara et al., 1995].

(K. Kobayashi)

References

Daido, H., R. Kodama, K. Murai, G. Yuan, M. Takagi, Y. Kato, I. W. Choi, and C. H. Nam, Significant improvement in the efficiency and brightness of the J=0-1 19.6-nm line of the germanium laser by use of double-pulse pumping, Opt. Lett., 20, 1, 61-63 (1995a)

Daido, H., Y. Kato, K. Murai, S. Ninomiya, R. Kodama, G. Yuan, Y. Oshikane, M. Takagi, H. Takabe, and F. Koike, Efficient soft X-ray lasing at 6 to 8 nm with nickel-like lanthanide ions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 6, 1074-1077 (1995b)

Doshida, M., K. Teraguchi, and M. Obara, Gain measurement and upconversion analysis in Tm³⁺, Ho³⁺ co-doped alumino-zirco-fluoride glass, J. Quantum Electron., 31, 910-915 (1995)

Goto, T., K. Kakizaki, S. Takagi, N. Okamoto, and S. Sato, 5 kHz high repetition rate and high power XeCl excimer laser, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 66, 11, 5162-5164 (1995)

Hatanaka, H., K. Midorikawa, M. Obara, and H. Tashiro, 5 kW transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser driven by a solid state exciter employing insulated gate bipolar transistors, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 64, 11, 3061-3065 (1993)

Kakehata, M., C.-H. Yang, Y. Ueno, and F. Kannari, Gain and saturation intensity measurements of a discharge pumped F2 laser at high excitation rates, Appl. Phys. Lett., 61, 26, 3089-3091 (1992)

Kakehata, M., C.-H. Yang, Y. Ueno, and F. Kannari, Output characteristics of a discharge-pumped F2 laser (157 nm) with an injection-seeded unstable resonator, J. Appl. Phys., 74, 4, 2241 (1993)

Kakehata, M., Y. Ueno, K. Tamura, and F. Kannari, Transient absorption and its influence on energy extraction in a discharge-pumped F2 laser, J. Appl. Phys., 75, 3, 1304-1310 (1994)

Katto, M., M. Okuda, W. Sasaki, K. Kurosawa, and Y. Kato, Electron beam pumped argon-excimer laser using an unstable resonator, IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 1, 3, 924-930 (1995)

Kodama, R., D. Neely, Y. Kato, H. Daido, K. Murai, G. Yuan, A. MacPhee, and C. L. S. Lewis, Generation of small-divergence soft X-ray laser by plasma waveguiding with a curved target, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 24, 3215-3218 (1994)

Kojima, T., and K. Yasui, High-power green-beam generation in continuous-wave modes by use of long KTiOPO₄ crystals with a Nd:YAG laser, Opt. Lett., 19, 713-715 (1994)

Komori, H., H. Ochi, O. Wakabayashi, and H. Mizoguchi, Feasibility study of argon fluoride excimer laser for microlithography, Proc. SPIE, 2440, Optical/Laser Microlithography, 106 (1995)

Kowaka, M., Y. Kobayashi, O. Wakabayashi, N. Itoh, H. Mizoguchi, Y. Amada, and Y. Nozue, Stability of krypton fluoride laser in real stepper mode operation, Proc. SPIE, 1927, Optical/Laser Microlithography, 241 (1993)

Kubodera, S., K. Midorikawa, M. Obara, H. Tashiro, and K. Toyoda, Numerical modeling of the Xe auger laser kinetics, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE31, 8, 1543-1548 (1995)

Meguro, T., T. Caughey, L. Wolf, and Y. Aoyagi, Solid-state tunable deep-ultraviolet laser system from 198 to 300 nm, Opt. Lett., 19, 102-104 (1994)

Midorikawa, K., Y. Nagata, S. Kubodera, M. Obara, and K. Toyoda, An optical field-induced ionization X-ray laser using a performed plasma scheme, IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 1, 3, 931-940 (1995)

Nagata, Y., K. Midorikawa, S. Kubodera, M. Obara, H. Tashiro, and K. Toyoda, Soft-X-ray amplification of the Lyman-alpha transition by optical-field-induced ionization, Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 23, 3774 (1993)

Nagata, Y., K. Midorikawa, S. Kubodera, M. Obara, H. Tashiro, and K. Toyoda, Production of an extremely cold plasma by optical-field-induced ionization, Phys. Rev., A51, 2, 1415 (1995)

Oka, M., and S. Kubota, Applications of continuous-wave deep ultraviolet lasers, CLEO'95, 139 (1995)

Saito, T., S. Ito, A. Tada, M. Arai, Y. Kajiki, and K. Hotta, Long gas-lifetime operation of an ArF excimer laser, paper CTuB6, CLEO Europe '94 (1994)

Sarukura, N., Z. Liu, Y. Segawa, K. Edamatsu, Y. Suzuki, T. Itoh, V. V. Semashko, A. K. Naumov, S. L. Korableva, R. Y. Abdulsabirov, and M. A. Dubinskii, Ce³⁺:LuLiF₄ as a broadband ultraviolet amplification medium, Opt. Lett., 20, 294-296 (1995)

Sato, Y., M. Inoue, S. Fujikawa, Y. Saito, A. Suzuki, K. Haruta, and H. Nagai, Development of a 2-kW XeCl laser with a surface corona preionization scheme and a spiker-sustainer circuit, IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 1, 3, 811-824 (1995)

Sekita, H., and S. Ito, 1 kHz high repetition Rate operation for an ArF excimer laser, CLEO'94 (1994)

Suda, A., and H. Tashiro, Wide band, fine tuning of a TEA CO₂ laser by means of intracavity active frequency shift, paper CML3, CLEO Europe'94 (1994)

Uehara, N., K. Nakahara, and K. Ueda, Continuous-wave TEM00-mode 26.5-W-output virtual-point-source diode-array-pumped Nd:YAG laser, Opt. Lett., 20, 1707-1709 (1995)

Watanabe, M., R. Ohmukai, K. Hayasaka, H. Imajo, and S. Urabe, High-power second-harmonic generation with picosecond and hundreds-of picosecond pulses of a cw mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, Opt. Lett., 19, 637-639 (1994)

D3. Semiconductor Lasers and Detectors

Fabry-Perot laser diodes for use in access networks have been extensively researched, and the following milestones have been attained: 1) a low threshold current of less than 1 mA [Uomi et al., 1994] [Terakada et al., 1994], 2) WTR-operation up to 165 C [Aoki et al., 1995], 3) narrow-beam divergence (10 deg.) [Wada et al., 1995; Yamamoto et al., 1995], and 4) fabrication of a low-threshold monolithic laser array with a 1-mA range for optical interconnection [Uomi et al., 1995; Nishimura et al. 1993].

Research on vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes has achieved ultra-low threshold (70 mA) operation [Hayashi et al., 1995] and CW-RT operation of a long-wavelength laser [Baba et al., 1993]. Also, high-power and highly reliable operation has been demonstrated in 980-nm laser [Sagawa et al., 1995; Ishikawa et al., 1995], and a high-speed 650-nm laser diode has been used for 2.5-Gbit/s transmission with GI-POF [Yamazaki et al., 1994].

Short wavelength laser diodes are also very important as light sources for high-density information-processing systems. The first CW-RT operation of a wide-gap II-VI laser was at a wavelength of 523.5 nm [Nakayama et al., 1993]. The quantum efficiency of GaN-based green LEDs was drastically improved by employing an InGaN SQW active layer [Nakamura et al., 1995].

High-speed 110-GHz pin-photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes with a gain-bandwidth of 120 GHz have been realized by using a waveguide-type structure [Kato et al., 1994; Shishikura et al., 1995]. A 0.95 W/A waveguide photodiode that can be used without coupling lenses has been developed for low-cost optical module applications [Akatsu et al., 1995].

(M. Nakamura)

References

Akatsu, Y., Y. Muramoto, M. Ikeda, M. Ueki, A, Kozen, K. Kawano, K. Kato, and J. Yoshida, 1.3-mm multimode waveguide photodiodes suitable for optical hybrid integration with a planar lightwave circuit, Proc., ECOC'95, Mo.B.4.4 (1995)

Aoki, M., H. Sano, M. Suzuki, M. Takahashi, K. Uomi, and A. Takai, InGaAs/InGaAsP MQW electroabsorption modulator integrated with a DFB laser fabricated by band-gap energy control selective area MOCVD, IEEE J. Quantum Electron, 29, 2088-2096 (1993)

Aoki, M., M. Komori, T. Tsuchiya, H. Sato, K. Uomi, and T. Ohtoshi, High performance InGaAsP/InP strained layer MQW lasers with reverse-mesa ridge-waveguide structures, Electron. Lett., 31, 973-975 (1995)

Baba, T., Y. Yogo, K. Suzuki, F. Koyama, and K. Iga, Near room temperature continuous wave lasing characteristics of GaInAsP/InP surface emitting laser, Electron. Lett., 29, 913-914 (1993)

Furushima, Y., Y. Sasaki, T. Murakami, and H. Hasumi, Wide temperature operation of 1.3 mm strained MQW l/4-shifted DFB-LDs for 2.5 Gb/s transmission modules without temperature control, ECOC'95, 537-540 (1995)

Hayashi, Y., T. Mukaihara, N. Hatori, N. Ohnoki, A. Matsunami, F. Koyama, and K. Iga, Record low-threshold index-guide InGaAs/GaAlAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a native oxide confinement structure, Electron. Lett., 31, 560-562 (1995)

Ishikawa, S., K. Fukagai, H. Chida, and T. Kawai, High-power highly reliable 980-nm pump laser diodes, Dig., IEEE/LEOS 8th Annual Meeting, 250-251 (1995)

Kato, K., Y. Muramoto, A. Kozen, and Y. Itaya, 110 GHz, 50 % efficiency waveguide pin photodiode for 1.55-mm wavelength, Dig., OEC'94, 13D1-2 (1994)

Morito, K., R. Sahara, K. Sato, Y. Kotaki, and H. Soda, High power modulator integrated DFB laser incorporating strain-compensated MQW and graded SCH modulator for 10 Gbit/s transmission, Electron. Lett., 31, 975-976 (1995)

Nakayama, N., S. Itoh, T. Ohta, K. Nakano, H. Okuyama, M. Ozawa, A. Ishibashi, M. Ikeda, and Y. Mori, Room temperature continuous operation of blue-green laser diodes, Electron. Lett., 29, 1488-1489 (1993)

Nakamura, S., M. Senoh, N. Iwasa, and S. Nagahama, High-brightness InGaN blue, green and yellow light-emitting diodes with quantum well structures, Jpn. J. of Appl. Phys., 34, L797-L799 (1995)

Nishimura, T., E. Ishimura, Y. Nakajima, H. Tada, T. Kimura, Y. Ohkura, K. Goto, E. Omura, and M. Aiga, All-MOCVD grown BH laser with low threshold current on p-InP substrates, in Proc. SPIE, 1849, 272-279 (1993)

Okai, M., M. Suzuki, and T. Taniwatai, Strained multiquantum-well corrugation pitch modulated DFB laser with ultranarrow (3.6 kHz) spectral linewidth, Electron. Lett., 29, 1696-1697 (1993)

Sagawa, M., T. Toyonaka, K. Hiramoto, K. Shinoda, and K. Uomi, High-power highly-reliable operation of 0.98-mm InGaAs/InGaP strain-compensated single-quantum well lasers with tensile-strained InGaAsP barriers, IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electron, 1, 189-195 (1995)

Shishikura, M., S. Tanaka, H. Matsuoka, H. Nakamura, M. Miyazaki, and S. Tsuji, Waveguide pin photodiode with a thick InAlGaAs double-core for surface-hybrid integration, Dig., CLEO/p-rim'95, WO4 (1995)

Terakado, T., K. Tsuruoka, T. Ishida, T. Nakamura, K. Fukushima, S. Ae, A. Uda, T. Torikai, and T. Uji, Extremely low threshold (0.4 mA @20 C, 3.0 mA @85 C) 1.3-mm strained-MQW lasers with novel p-substrate buried-heterostructure grown by MOVPE using TBA and TBP, 14th IEEE International Semicond. Laser Conf., paper PD9 (1994)

Tohmori, Y., Y. Yoshikuni, H. Ishii, T. Tamamura, Y. Kondo, and M. Yamamoto, Broad-range wavelength-tunable superstructure grating (SSG) DBR lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron, 29, 1817-1823 (1993)

Uomi, K., T. Tsuchiya, M. Komori, A. Oka, K. Shinoda, and A. Oishi, Ultralow threshold (0.56 mA) 1.35-mm InGaAsP/InP compressive-strained-MQW lasers, in Dig., 14th IEEE International Semicond. Laser Conf., Sept. Paper M3.2 (1994)

Uomi, K., T. Tsuchiya, M. Komori, A. Oka, T. Kawano, and A. Oishi, Ultralow threshold 1.3-mm InGaAsP/InP compressive-strained multi-quantum-well monolithic laser array for parallel high-density optical interconnects, IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electron., 1, 203-210 (1995)

Wada, M., M. Kohtoku, Y. Tohmori, K. Kishi, I. Kotaki, Y. Noguchi, and Y. Itaya, Electron. Lett., 31, 1252-1254 (1995)

Yamamoto, T., H. Kobayashi, T. Fujii, H. Soda, and M. Kobayashi, High temperature beam divergence tapered-thickness waveguide BH MQW lasers, Electron. Lett., 31, 1696-1697 (1995)

Yamazaki, S. et al., A 2.5 Gbps 100 m GRIN plastic optical fiber data link at 650 nm wavelength, Proc., ECOC'94, post deadline, 1-4 (1994)

D4. Laser Applications

Optical analog transmission technology for CATV applications has show much progress. In order to improve the yield of DFB laser a novel partially corrugated design has been developed [Okuda, 1994]. Microcellular radio communication system which is the other major application of analog laser has also advanced [Saito et al., 1995] [Watanabe et al., 1995].

Progress has been made in photonic switching technology and optical computing research. As for photonic switching technology, a 1 x 2000 switch has been developed and used in automatic optical fiber operations support system of NTT [Tomita et al., 1996]. Optical computing researches have been done mainly under the national project: RWCP [Shimada, 1995]. Concerning laser diodes for optical information processing, remarkable progress has been achieved in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers [Iga, 1994].

(A. Ishida)

References

Iga, K., Prospects of surface emitting lasers, JIEICE, 77, 1263 (1994)

Morioka, T., H. Takara, S. Kawanishi, O. Kamatani, K. Takiguchi, K. Uchiyama, M. Saruwatari, H. Takahashi, M. Yamada, T, Kanamori, and H. Ono, 100 Gbit/s x 10 channel OTDM/WDM transmission using a single supercontinuum WDM source, OFC'96 Technical Digest, PD21 (1996)

Nakazawa, M., IOOC '95, Technical Digest, PD2-1 (1995)

Nakazawa, M., E. Yoshida, E. Yamada, and K. Suzuki, 80 Gbit/s soliton data transmission over 500 km with unequal amplitude solitons for timing clock extraction, Electron. Lett., 30, 21, 1777-1778 (1994)

Okuda, T., H. Yamada, T. Torikai, and T. Uji, Novel partially corrugated waveguide laser diode with low modulation distortion characteristics for subcarrier multiplexing, Electron. Lett., 30, 11, 862-863 (1994)

Onaka, H., H. Miyata, G. Ishikawa, K. Otsuka, H. Ooi, Y. Kai, S. Kinoshita, M. Seino, H. Nishimoto, and T. Chikama, 1.1 Tb/s WDM transmission over a 150 km 1.3 mm zero-dispersion single-mode fiber, OFC'96 Technical Digest, PD19 (1996)

Saito, T., T. Norikane, A. Kamemura, N. Hirakata, Y. Okada, Y. Masuda, K. Mita, and N. Tago, Optical fiber link radio expansion system, Sumitomo Electric Technical Review, 40, 57-63 (1995)

Shimada, J., Progress and outlook of RWC program, RWC News, 1, 5 (1995)

Tomita, N., and M. Sato, Present and future technologies for optical switching on access networks, Topical Meeting on Photonic Switching, IEICE, PS96-2, 6 (1996)

Wakita, K., K. Sato, I. Kotaka, M. Yamamoto, and T. Kataoka, 20 Gbits/sec, 1.55 mm strained-InGaAsP MQW modulator integrated DFB laser module, Electron. Lett., 30, 4, 302-303 (1994)

Watanabe, H., T. Takiguchi, and E. Omura, DFB laser diodes for analog transmission, Laser Kenkyu, 23, 7, 46 (in Japanese) (1995)

D5. Solid State Memories

In the last decade the flash memory technology has made significant achievement, with memory densities increased from 256 Kb to 32 Mb. The one-bit-per-cell 32 Mb flash memories with NAND cell structure [Imamiya et al., 1995] and with AND device [Nozoe et al., 1995] were developed with 0.4-0.5 mm design rule.

The trend toward faster access time was very evident in high density CMOS SRAM. Utilizing 0.25 mm design rule 300 MHz 4 Mb CMOS SRAM [Ishibashi et al., 1995] were developed as an external cache memory for next-generation RISC microprocessors. BiCMOS SRAM have also advanced; 220 MHz 16 Mb BiCMOS SRAM [Nakamura et al., 1994].

(A. Kasami)

References

Hamamoto, T., Y. Morooka, M. Asakura, and H. Ozaki, Cell-plate-line and bit-line complementary sensed (CBCS) architecture for ultra low-power non-destructive DRAMs, Symposium on VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, 79-80 (1995)

Horiguchi, M., T. Sakata, T. Sekiguchi, S. Ueda, H. Tanaka, E. Yamasaki, Y. Nakagome, M. Aoki, T. Kaga, M. Ohkura, R. Nagai, F. Murai, T. Tanaka, S. Iijima, N. Yokoyama, Y. Gotoh, K. Shoji, T. Kisu, H. Yamashita, T. Nishida, and E. Takeda, An experimental 220 MHz 1 Gb DRAM, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 252-253 (1995)

Imamiya, K., Y. Iwata, Y. Sugiura, H. Nakamura, H. Oodaira, M. Momodomi, Y. Ito, T. Watanabe, H. Araki, K. Narita, K. Masuda, and J. Miyamoto, A 35 ns-cycle-time 3.3 V-only 32 Mb NAND flash EEPROM, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 130-131 (1995)

Inaba, T., D. Takashima, Y. Oowaki, T. Ozaki, S. Watanabe, and K. Ohuchi, A 250 mV bit-line swing scheme for a 1 V 4 Gb DRAM, Symposium on VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, 99-100 (1995)

Ishibashi, K., K. Komiyaji, H. Toyoshima, M. Minami, N. Ooki, H. Ishida, T. Yamanaka, T. Nagano, and T. Nishida, A 300 MHz 4-Mb wave-pipeline CMOS SRAM using a multi-phase PLL, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 308-309 (1995)

Nakamura, K., S. Kuhara, T. Kimura, M. Takada, H. Suzuki, H. Yoshida, and T. Yamazaki, A 220 MHz pipelined 16 Mb BiCMOS SRAM with PLL proportional self-timing generator, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 258-259 (1994)

Nozoe, A., T. Yamazaki, H. Sato, H. Kotani, S. Kubono, K. Manita, T. Tanaka, T. Kawahara, M. Kato, K. Kimura, H. Kume, R. Hori, T. Nishimoto, S. Shukuri, A. Ohba, Y. Kouro, O. Sakamoto, A. Fukumoto, and M. Nakajima, A 3.3 V high-density AND flash memory with 1ms/512B erase & Program Time, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 124-125 (1995)

Ohshima, S., and T. Furuyama, High speed DRAMs with innovative architectures, IEICE Trans. Electron, E77-C, 1303-1315 (1994)

Sugibayashi, T., I. Naritake, S. Utsugi, K. Shibahara, R. Oikawa, H. Mori, S. Iwao, T. Murotani, K. Koyama, S. Fukuzawa, T. Itani, K. Kasama, T. Okuda, S. Ohya, and M. Ogawa, A 1 Gb DRAM for file applications, ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 254-255 (1995)

Takashima, D., S. Watanabe, K. Sakui, H. Nakano, and K. Ohuchi, Stand-by/active mode logic for sub-1 V 1 G/4 Gb DRAMs, Symposium on VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, 80-81 (1993)

Takashima, D., Y. Oowaki, S. Watanabe, and K. Ohuchi, A novel power-off mode for a battery-backup DRAM, Symposium on VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, 109-110 (1995)

Watanabe, Y., H. Wong, T. Kirihata, D. Kato, J. DeBrosse, T. Hara, M. Yoshida, H. Mukai, K. Quader, T. Nagai, P. Poechmueller, K. Pfefferl, M. Wordeman, and S. Fujii, A 286 mm² 256 Mb DRAM with X32 both-ends DQ, Symposium on VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers, 105-106 (1995)

D6. Cryoelectronics

A 16-channel high-T_c SQUID system operating with liquid nitrogen was developed [Itozaki et al., 1994]. Each SQUID was made of a YBa₂Cu₃O₇ step-edge weak link Josephson junction and exhibited a magnetic field resolution of 370 fT/Hz^1/2 at 10 Hz and 220 fT/Hz^1/2 at 10 kHz with the use of a flux focusing plate. This system was applied to cardiography to obtain magnetocardiogram of a human heart and thereby a magnetocardiac isofield contour map of a 12 cm square chest region. The mixing performance was demonstrated using a YBa₂Cu₃O₇ step-edge weak link Josephson junction in the 700 GHz frequency range with the local oscillation of 100 GHz, producing an output of 1.55 GHz, a beat frequency of 692.95 GHz and the 7th harmonic of 98.772 GHz [Shimakage et al., 1995]. This experiment employed a quasioptical configuration using a hyperhemispherical lens with the step-edge junction on its flat surface. A superconducting three-terminal device was developed with an In/(Ba, Rb)BiOi₃/SrTiO₃(Nb) structure. This device provided the performance of a common-base current gain of alpha=0.94 and a common-emitter current gain of b=10 [Toda et al., 1994]. An SIS type current-voltage characteristics with a clear superconducting gap structure were observed for a stack of intrinsic Josephson junctions fabricated on the surface of a Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈ single crystal [Suzuki et al., 1995]. This was made possible by reducing the number of series junctions to less than 40 (60 nm), by which the nonequilibrium heating effect was significantly suppressed. A frequency down-conversion in the 23 GHz range was also demonstrated using a 20 mm square MgO plate on which a Josephson weak link and a patch antenna were integrated [Suzuki et al., 1994]. This system employed a Josephson weak link fabricated using a focused Ga-ion beam technique. As a more fundamental but novel high-T_c superconducting device, it is noted that a photo-sensitive bicrystal Josephson weak link was developed and the modulation of the critical current by 632.8 nm light irradiation was demonstrated [Tanabe et al., 1994].

(M. Suzuki)

References

Itozaki, H., S. Tanaka, T. Nagaishi, and H. Kado, Multi-channel high-T_c SQUID, IEICE Trans. Electron., E77-C, 8, 1185-1190 (1994)

Mizugaki, Y., K. Nakajima, Y. Sawada, and T. Yamashita, Superconducting neural circuits using fluxon pulses, Appl. Phys. Lett., 62, 7, 762-764 (1993)

Mizugaki, Y., K. Nakajima, Y. Sawada, and T. Yamashita, Superconducting neural circuits using SQUIDs, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 5, 2, 3168-3171 (1995)

Nagasawa, S., Y. Hashimoto, H. Numata, S. Tsuchida, and S. Tahara, 380 ps, 9.5 mW Josephson 4 Kbit RAM, Electron. Lett., 30, 10, 761-762 (1994)

Nagasawa, S., Y. Hashimoto, H. Numata, and S. Tahara, A 380 ps, 9.5 mW Josephson 4-Kbit RAM operated at a high bit yield, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 5, 2, 2447-2452 (1995)

Shimakage, H., Y. Uzawa, Z. Wang, A. Kawakami, W. Chujo, and B. Komiyama, Millimeter and submillimeter wave responses of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ step-edge Josephson junctions, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 5, 2, 2801-2804 (1995)

Suzuki, K., K. Hayashi, A. T. Murphy, M. Fujimoto, S. Yoshikawa, K. Yamaguchi, and Y. Enomoto, Y-Ba-Cu-O mixer antenna array at 23 GHz, IEEE MTT-S Digest, 1001-1004 (1994)

Suzuki, M., K. Tanabe, S. Karimoto, and Y. Hidaka, Tunneling current-voltage characteristics of Bi-2212 intrinsic Josephson junctions Stacks, Proc. ISS'95 DAP-10 (1995)

Tahara, S., S. Yorozu, and H. Matsuoka, A Superconducting ring-pipelined network system, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 5, 2, 3164-3167 (1995)

Takayanagi, H., T. Akazaki, and J. Nitta, Interference effects on the critical current in a clean-limit superconductor-normal-superconductor junction, Phys. Rev. B, 51, 2, 1374-1377 (1994)

Takayanagi, H., T. Akazaki, J. Nitta, and T. Enoki, Superconducting three-terminal devices using an InAs-based two-dimensional electron gas, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 34, 2B, 1391-1395 (1995)

Tanabe, K., F. H. Teherani, S. Kubo, H. Asano, and M. Suzuki, Effects of photoinduced hole doping on transport properties of YBa₂Cu₃O_y grain boundary junctions, J. Appl. Phys., 76, 6, 3679-3683 (1994)

Toda, F., and H. Abe, In/(Ba, Rb)BiO₃/SrTiO₃(Nb) three-terminal device, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 33, (3A), L318-L321 (1993)

D7. Acoustic Devices

Acoustic devices can be used for sensors in natural and industrial applications. A multi-channel chemical gas sensor was developed by using SAW resonators [Moriizumi et al., 1994]. A device for sensing the humidity in the air was developed, which consisted of a pair of SAW delay lines [Nomura et al., 1994]. A similar sensor for using in the liquid phase was developed, which distinguished the sources of natural water [Kondoh et al., 1994].

Acoustic vibrators are the key devices of ultrasonic gyroscopes, which are used in video cameras and car navigators. A high-sensitive gyroscope was developed by using a crystal fork vibrator [Wakatsuki et al., 1994]. The size of a gyroscope was reduced by using a cylindrical ceramic vibrator, which was appropriate for mass production [Shuta and Abe, 1995].

(M. Hirabayashi)

References

Hikita, M., T. Tabuchi, and N. Shibagaki, Investigation of new low-loss and high-power SAW filters for reverse-frequency-allocated cellular radios, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 40, 224-231 (1993)

Hikita, M., N. Shibagaki, K. Sakiyama, and K. Hasegawa, Design methodology and experimental results for new ladder-type SAW resonator coupled filters, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 42, 495-508 (1995)

Ikata, O., T. Miyashita, T. Matsuda, T. Nishihara, and Y. Satoh, Development of low-loss band-pass filters using SAW resonators for portable telephones, Proc. 1992 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 111-115 (1992)

Kondoh, J., and S. Shiokawa, SH-SAW devices as effective identification system for liquids, Proc. 1994 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 507-512 (1994)

Moriizumi, T., A. Saitou, and T. Nomura, Multi-channel SAW chemical sensor using 90 MHz SAW resonator and partial cansting molecular films, Proc. 1994 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 499-502 (1994)

Morita, T., Y. Watanabe, M. Tanaka, and Y. Nakazawa, Wideband low loss double mode SAW filters, Proc. 1992 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 95-104 (1992)

Nomura, T., K. Oofuchi, T. Yasuda, and S. Furukawa, SAW humidity sensor using dielectric hygroscopic polymer film, Proc. 1994 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 503-506 (1994)

Shuta, K., and H. Abe,, Compact vibratory gyroscope, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 34, 2601-2603 (1995)

Wakatsuki, N., M. Ono,, S. Yamada, Y. Takahashi, and K. Kikuchi, LiTaO3 crystal fork vibratory gyroscope, Proc. 1994 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 581-584 (1994)

Yamamoto, Y., and R. Kajihara, SAW composite longitudinal mode resonator (CLMR) filters and their application to new synthesized resonator filters, Proc. 1993 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 47-51 (1993)

Yamanouchi, K., C. H. S. Lee, K. Yamamoto, T. Meguro, and H. Odagawa, GHz-range low-loss wide band filters using new floating electrode type unidirectional transducers, Proc. 1992 IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 139-142 (1992)